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Subject: Re: Computer Chess History, did you know.......

Author: Robert Hyatt

Date: 05:27:44 07/05/01

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On July 05, 2001 at 03:42:04, Uri Blass wrote:

>On July 04, 2001 at 22:11:57, Robert Hyatt wrote:
>
>>On July 04, 2001 at 10:54:44, Uri Blass wrote:
>>
>>>On July 04, 2001 at 09:35:13, John Wentworth wrote:
>>>
>>>>Did you know.....
>>>>
>>>>In 1947, Alan Turing specified the first chess program for chess.
>>>>
>>>>In 1948 the UNIVAC computer was advertised as the strongest computer in the
>>>>world. So strong, that it could play chess and gin rummy so perfectly that
>>>>no human opponent could beat it.
>>>>
>>>>In 1949 Claude Shannon described how to program a computer and a Ferranti
>>>>digital machine was programmed to solve mates in two moves.
>>>>
>>>>By 1956 experiments on a MANIAC I computer (11,000 operations a second) at
>>>>Los Alamos, using a 6x6 chessboard, was playing chess. This was the first
>>>>documented account of a running chess program.
>>>>
>>>>In 1957 a chess program was written by Bernstein for an IBM 704. This was
>>>>the first full-fledged game of chess by a computer.
>>>>
>>>>The first chess computer to play in a tournament was MacHack VI (PDP-6)
>>>>written at MIT by Greenblatt. The computer entered the 1966 Massachussets
>>>>Amateur championship, scoring 1 draw and 4 losses for a USCF rating of 1243.
>>>>
>>>>In 1966 a USSR chess program defeated a Stanford IBM 7090 program.
>>>>
>>>>In 1967 MacHACK VI became the first program to beat a human (rate 1510), at
>>>>the Massachussets State Championship.
>>>>
>>>>In 1968 International Master David Levy made a $3,000 bet that no chess
>>>>computer would beat him in 10 years. He won his bet.
>>>>
>>>>In 1970 the first all-computer championship was held in New York and won by
>>>>CHESS 3.0, a program written by Atkin and Gorlen at Northwestern University.
>>>>Six programs had entered.
>>>>
>>>>In 1971 the Institute of Control Science, Moscow, created KAISSA using a
>>>>British computer to play chess.
>>>>
>>>>In 1974 World Correspondence Champion Hans Berliner wrote his PhD
>>>>dissertation on "Chess Computers as Problem Solving."
>>>>
>>>>In 1974 KAISSA won the world computer chess championship held in Stockholm
>>>>with a perfect 4-0 score.
>>>>
>>>>In 1975 Grandmaster David Bronstein used the endgame database in KAISSA to
>>>>win an adjourned game in a tournament in Vilnius.
>>>>
>>>>In 1976 CHESS 4.5 won the Class B section of the Paul Masson tournament in
>>>>Northern California. The performance rating was 1950.
>>>>
>>>>In 1976 a computer program was used to make the chess pairings at the chess
>>>>olympiad in Haifa.
>>>>
>>>>In 1977 the first microcomputer chess playing machine, CHESS CHALLENGER, was
>>>>created. The International Computer Chess Association (ICCA) was formed.
>>>>
>>>>In 1977 CHESS 4.5 won the Minnesota Open winning 5 games and losing one. It
>>>>had a performance rating of 2271. Stenberg (1969) became the first Class A
>>>>player to lose to a computer.
>>>>
>>>>In 1977 SNEAKY PETE was the first chess computer to play in a U.S. Open,
>>>>held in Columbus, Ohio.
>>>>
>>>>In 1977 Michael Stean became the first grandmaster to lose to a computer; it
>>>>was a blitz game.
>>>>
>>>>In 1978 SARGON won the first tournament for microcomputers, held in San
>>>>Jose. David Levy collected his 10 year bet by defeating CHESS 4.7 in
>>>>Toronto. One of the games was a draw. This was the first time a computer
>>>>drew an international master.
>>>>
>>>>In 1980 CHAMPION SENSORY CHALLENGER won the first world microcomputer
>>>>championship, held in London.
>>>>
>>>>In 1981 CRAY BLITZ won the Mississipi State Championship with a perfect 5-0
>>>>score and a performance rating of 2258.
>>>>
>>>>In 1982 BELLE was confiscated by the State Department as it was heading to
>>>>the Soviet Union to participate in a computer chess tournament. The State
>>>>Department claimed it was a violation of a technology transfer law to ship a
>>>>high technology computer to a foreign country. BELLE later played in the
>>>>U.S. Oen speed championship and took 2nd place. By 1982 computer chess
>>>>companies were topping $100 million in sales.
>>>>
>>>>In 1983 Belle became the first computer to beat a master in tournament play
>>>>and the first computer to gain a master rating (2263).
>>>>
>>>>In 1983 the first microcomputer beat a master in tournament play.
>>>>
>>>>In 1984 a microcomputer won a tournament for the first time against
>>>>mainframes, held in Canada.
>>>>
>>>>In 1985 HITECH achieved a performace rating of 2530.
>>>>
>>>>In 1987 the U.S. Amateur Championship became the first national championship
>>>>to be directed by a computer program.
>>>>
>>>>In 1988 DEEP THOUGHT and Grandmaster Tony Miles shared first place in the
>>>>U.S. Open championship. DEEP THOUGHT had a 2745 performance rating.
>>>>
>>>>In 1988 HITECH won the Pennsylvania State Chess Championship after defeating
>>>>International Master Ed Formanek (2485). HITECH defeated Grandmaster Arnold
>>>>Denker in a match.
>>>>
>>>>In 1988 Grandmaster Bent Larsen became the first GM to lose to a computer in
>>>>a major tournament - the American Open.
>>>>
>>>>In 1989 DEEP THOUGHT won the world computer championship in Canada, with a
>>>>rating of 2600. DEEP THOUGHT defeated Grandmaster Robert Byrne in a match
>>>>game. DEEP THOUGHT can analyze 2 million positions a second. This year DEEP
>>>>THOUGHT played a 2 game match (under tournament conditions) in New York
>>>>against Garry Kasparov. Kasparov won the match 2-0. Afterwards he expressed
>>>>surprise at the lack of strong oposition from the computer.
>>>>
>>>>In 1990 Former World Champion Anatoly Karpov lost to MEPHISTO in a
>>>>simultaneous exhibition in Munich. MEPHISTO also beat grandmasters Robert
>>>>Huebner and David Bronstein. MEPHISTO won the German blitz championship and
>>>>earned an International Master norm by scoring 7-4 in the Dortmund Open.
>>>>
>>>>In 1994 WCHESS became the first computer to outperform grandmasters at the
>>>>Harvard Cup in Boston.
>>>>
>>>>In 1994 Kasparov lost to FRITZ3 in Munich in a blitz tournament. The program
>>>>also defeated Anand, Short, Gelfand, and Kramnik. Grandmaster Robert Huebner
>>>>refused to play it and lost on forfeit, the first time a GM has forfeited to
>>>>a computer. Although Kasparov lost to FRITZ3, he and FRITZ3 came equal first
>>>>in the tournament. In a playoff to determine the winner, Kasparov beat
>>>>FRITZ3, 3 games to 1. There where 17 grandmaster in the tournament.
>>>>
>>>>The highest rated computer in the world is DEEP BLUE, rated 2705.
>>>
>>>I did not know that Deep Blue has a rating.
>>>I think that the number of it's opponents is not big enough to give it a rating.
>>>
>>>Uri
>>
>>
>>That sounds like deep thought.  It had to produce a rating in that range
>>when it won the fredkin GM prize.
>
>Deep thought never was close to 2705 fide rating.
>
>I remember that I read rating of 2550 when it lost against kasparov.
>
>I remmeber that it played later in 1991 in a tournament of GM's and got
>performance that is close to 2400.
>
>I know that it lost to GM bent larsen 2.5-1.5 later in 1993 if my memory is
>correct.
>
>There were tournaments that it did better but I do not see how can you get 2705
>based on all the results.
>
>Even the first Deep blue could not get performance of more than 2700 when it
>lost 4-2 against kasparov.
>
>The only way that I can get something close to 2705 is based on the 2 matches of
>Deep blue against kasparov when the first match is used to calculate initial
>rating for Deeper blue based on it's performance.
>
>Uri


DT produced a rating of > 2650 over 24 consecutive games while trying to earn
the Fredkin GM prize stage.  That was why I thought it might be that program.

It is also possible it is just the TPR for the 12 kasparov games...



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