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Subject: Re: Branching Factor = Function of (????)

Author: Robert Hyatt

Date: 18:39:04 01/02/03

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On January 02, 2003 at 12:05:31, Steve Maughan wrote:

>Has anyone documented all the factors that affect a program's branching factor?
>I notice that Tiger 15 and Shredder 7 seem to be approaching BF = 2, which IMO
>is amazing.  Ed also makes reference to a BF of 2 on his webpage.  I remember
>that a BF of 6 was the norm 15 years ago.  Then hash tables came in and if fell
>to 4.  Then null move and it fell to 3 and now we seem to be at 2.  The common
>thread to all of these elements is forward pruning i.e. hash tables cut off
>whole branches and null move the same.  So is BF simply a function of
>selectivity and the ability of a program to forward prune or are there other
>elements?
>
>Your thoughts please,
>
>Steve


First, "branching factor" is being used wrongly by many.  It is a _static_
value for chess, regardless of the search method used, because it means "how
many moves are possible at a position, on average?"

"effective branching factor" is what you are really asking about.  It is the
measure of "after my selectivity stuff, my alpha/beta algorithm searches the
tree as if it had a branching factor of what?"

Since the tree is exponential, each additional ply multiplies the tree size
by EBF, which for minimax is about 38, for alpha/beta, it is about 6-10,
and for selective searches, it can get very low...

Null-move is one thing that can drop it down to below 2.5 quite easily, as can
forward pruning or other types of search extensions or reductions.



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