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Subject: Re: Branching Factor = Function of (????)

Author: Russell Reagan

Date: 21:44:35 01/02/03

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On January 02, 2003 at 12:05:31, Steve Maughan wrote:

>Has anyone documented all the factors that affect a program's branching factor?
>I notice that Tiger 15 and Shredder 7 seem to be approaching BF = 2, which IMO
>is amazing.  Ed also makes reference to a BF of 2 on his webpage.  I remember
>that a BF of 6 was the norm 15 years ago.  Then hash tables came in and if fell
>to 4.  Then null move and it fell to 3 and now we seem to be at 2.  The common
>thread to all of these elements is forward pruning i.e. hash tables cut off
>whole branches and null move the same.  So is BF simply a function of
>selectivity and the ability of a program to forward prune or are there other
>elements?
>
>Your thoughts please,
>
>Steve

At this point, it's probably reasonable to say that the main factor driving down
the effective branching factor is forward pruning (of various sorts, including
extentions, futility pruning, and the obvious things that come to mind when you
think of forward pruning, like null-move). However, it wouldn't be valid to say
that "effective branching factor is determined by the forward pruning methods,"
because as you pointed out, there are other things that came before forward
pruning. Going from EBF of ~36 to ~6 is a HUGE step.

I am guessing that the move from EBF of ~3 to ~2 is due to smart search
techniques like Ed has been describing recently. Add in a lot of knowledge so
your program can correctly determine when to reduce a search or do more accurate
aspiration searches, and that kind of stuff. Those kind of semi-selective search
decisions that aren't really based on some kind of "rule" or "trick" like
null-move is, but things that are just common sense improvements in the
framework of alpha-beta. Of course, those are common sense improvements that
take an awful lot of work to discover...



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