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Subject: Re: Piece Values in Chess Programs (Larry Kaufman)

Author: Robert Hyatt

Date: 18:43:37 05/06/01

Go up one level in this thread


On May 06, 2001 at 08:35:07, Vincent Diepeveen wrote:

>On May 05, 2001 at 12:01:08, Dana Turnmire wrote:
>
>>  Here is an interesting article found in a 1989 CCR article.
>
>Exactly the biggest misunderstanding in chessbooks is that 2 rooks
>are stronger as a queen. Even in most endgames a queen wins easily
>against 2 rooks.

I wouldn't say in "most".  I would say in "some".  Two rooks can box up
a queen and make it impossible to win since the queen can't overpower the
two rooks without the help of the king...



>
>However grandmasters only get the exceptions on the board, so if a
>GM gets 2 rooks versus a queen then *usually* the 2 rooks are stronger.
>
>My piece values are about this:
>  pawn    1000
>  knight  3625
>  bishop  3675
>  rook    5800
>  queen   11750
>
>However there are always things wrong in piece values.
>
>In the above values an obvious problem is that a queen is stronger
>as 3 pieces which is NOT true.
>
>Also 2 pieces in the above example are very close to rook+pawn.
>
>However i have special code for that to fix it :)

Why not just use normal piece values and fix the rest of the problems by
evaluation, rather than faking up oddball piece values?  Crafty uses 1,3,5 and
9, and has _no_ problems recognizing that two pieces for a rook and pawn is
a bad trade, as is a queen for three minor pieces...



>
>>  "Most elementary chess textbooks assign relative values to the pieces, based
>>on pawn=1, as follows: N=3, B=3, (or 3+), R=5, Q=9 (or 9.5 or 10).  Most chess
>>computers use these numbers in their programs; in fact they play a critical
>>role.  But there are serious problems arising from relying on these numbers."
>>
>>The most glaring problem is the exchange of two minor pieces for a rook and
>>pawn.  Any tournament player should know that the minor pieces are nearly always
>>superior, except in simple endgames.  In the middle game they are fully equal
>>(or even superior) to a rook and two pawns, as I learned the hard way in the
>>1972 U.S. Championship against fellow Senior Master Greg Defotis.  Yet many
>>chess computers, especially Fidelity's will give up the two pieces for a rook
>>and one pawn at the drop of a hat, and nearly always go on to lose.  I discussed
>>this problem with Fidelity's programmers last year, but as the Excel68000 makes
>>this losing exchange with alarming frequency it is clear that the problem has
>>not been corrected.
>>
>>  Other piece value problems are improper bishop or knight exchanges (a
>>Turbostar flaw), and unsound sacrifices of a knight for two pawns and meager
>>positional compensation (Mephisto Amsterdam).  Fidelity machines tend to vive up
>>their queens a bit cheaply, while Novag machines (especially the Super
>>Constellation) sacrifice the exchange too readily.
>>
>>  It is my opinion that many of these problems relate to the fact that the
>>accepted piece value tables were derived from endgame theory, and are not
>>accurate for the middle game, in which pawns are more expendable and minor
>>pieces more valuable.  To prove this I ran a series of blitz games, using the
>>autoplay feature on the Mephisto Dallas, in which I removed a white knight and
>>three black pawns (not rook pawns), varying the choice of knight and pawns,
>>before starting the games.  Black won 8-0!  I raised the compensation to four
>>pawns, and black still won 3-1 (at 5 pawns they split two games).  So it seems
>>clear that at least in the early stages a piece is worth at least four pawns,
>>unless king safety or center domination is involved.
>>
>>  Apparently, Mephisto reached the same conclusion.  In a major departure from
>>the Amsterdam program as well as all others, piece values were changed for the
>>Mephisto Dallas program to knight=4, bishop=4+, rook=6, and queen=11.  Suddenly,
>>two minor pieces equal rook and two pawns (as they should), the exchange retains
>>its standard two pawn value, and the unsound piece sacrifices of the Amsterdam
>>dissapear.  The major drawback is a tendency to underestimate sacrifices of a
>>minor piece for two king-protecting pawns, but this may be dealt with in the
>>future by heuristics.  The endgame is not harmed because passed pawns receive
>>sufficient bonuses in that phase to reduce the effective value of minor pieces
>>to around three pawns.  My only criticism is that the queen should probably rate
>>a tad higher or the rook a hair lower, since queen and pawn are usually superior
>>to two rooks.  I predict that the Mephisto Dallas piece values will soon be
>>copied by other programmers, and I recommend them to those human players who
>>feel the need for numbers.



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